The third generation phone is based on whole new network protocols such as IMT-2000, UMTS and W-CDMA. These standards of protocols allow high speed connection via the mobile phone, enabling it to make improvements on voice communications, engaged in a video calls (only among users on the 3G services), get access to the internet and also watch television programs (Australia’s reality TV, Big Brother can be watched on the 3G phones during the broadcasting period).
In 2001, Japan’s NTT DoCoMo launched the world’s first commercial W-CDMA standard mobile phone system, FOMA. Later in 2003, Hutchison Whampoa launched a whole new mobile phone service, 3G. This company owned by Hutchison Whampoa is “Three� (also recognised as 3). Three has established the WCDMA protocol services in numerous countries such as United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, Denmark etc. These two companies leaded the 3G mobile phone market (FOMA is only available in Japan) while other countries will only be launching these services after 2005.
As referred, the 3G protocol enables high speed internet connection. It is like an IP (Internet Protocol) on the phones. It is very different from the connection using GPRS. GPRS only allows a certain limit of data to flow; 3G allows more data to flow in, which helps the streaming on video calls. The internet access speed of 3G can go up to 2Mb (megabits) per second, where GPRS can only go up to 144b (bits) per second. Thus, the 3G system can take the role as WAN (Wide Area Network) and LAN (Local Area Network). The concept is to change the terminal from landline to wireless.
Other service that 3G brought includes M-commerce (Mobile Commerce) and global positioning. M-commerce is attached with the idea of electronic wallet. Users can access, organise and operate their financial transactions, trading stocks, managing payments etc. Global positioning is a form of GPS (Global Positioning System) that enables users to know their current position, get information about traffic condition and also traffic navigation (direction for getting to a certain places). These services on the 3G system are expected to be in the market in the near future.
Sunday, July 19, 2009
Thursday, June 11, 2009
What is the History of Cell Phones?
The beginning history of cell phones is based upon radio technology that was developed from the 1940's onward. For instance the beginning of cell phones can be traced to the innovation in taxi cabs, police cars and other service vehicles where two way radios were used to communicate with one another or with a central base. Early cell phone communication technology could be even traced back to individuals with special radios that can patch into a phone line via live operator to make a phone call.
The first official mobile phone was used in Sweden by the Swedish police in 1946. The technology was connected to the telephone network and was distinctive of two way radio technology. The phone was not very practical; it was only able to make 6 phone calls before the car's battery was drained.
The technology of modern cell phones started with the creation of hexagonal cells for mobile phones by D.H. Ring from Bell Labs in 1947, later on another engineer from Bell Labs conceived of cell towers that would transmit and receive signals in three directions instead of normal bi directional antennas. However, although some technologies have been developed, electronics and other technologies would take decades to mature and to be developed. For instance, the electronics that were used in the first cell phones were first developed in the 1960's
By 1967, mobile phone technology was available; however, the user had to stay within one cell area. Cell areas which were serviced by a base station were unable to hand off cellular phone calls from one base station to another. While you could make a phone, call, you weren't able to continue the call after you reached a set range. In 1970, Amos Edward Joel, who also was an engineer at Bell Labs, developed the call handoff system. This technology facilitated continuity of a phone call from one area to another without dropping the phone call.
While the technology had been developed, it wasn't until 1971 that AT&T submitted a request to the FCC for cellular service. It took more than 10 years for an approval and in 1982; the FCC allocated the frequencies of 824-894 MHZ Band to Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). From 1982 to 1990, AMPS was an analog service, Digital AMPS came online as of 1990.
Throughout the decades, there have been many technologies that existed that made mobile phones available. Most of the time, these phones were installed in vehicles due to the large battery requirements. For instance, the MTA (Mobile Telephone System A) developed by Eriksson was available in Sweden in 1950's. Unfortunately, it weighed over 80 pounds, later versions however weighed around the 20 pound range, still making it ineffective for truly portable devices that are used today.
First Generation Cell Phones
In 1983, Motorola unveiled to the world, the first truly portable cellular phone. It was called the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. It was approved for use in the United States by the FCC. Motorola developed the technology for cellular phones for decades and this particular phone took 15 years to come to market at an expense of over 100 million dollars in research costs. The DynaTAC800X was extremely lightweight for its time and only weighed about 28 ounces. It was 13 inches x 1.75 inches x 3.5 inches and was known as the Brick for its shape. It was largely developed with the help of Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola.
From 1983 to the end of the 1980's cell phones grew in popularity due to the innovations in cellular networks that were able to handle phone calls in either one area or hand them off to other areas. While most cell phones weren't made to be carried in your hand, all phones were made for permanent installation in the car. For a while the term "car phone" was extremely popular. Besides car phones, there were a few models that came in tote bag type configurations that can easily hook up to a car's battery, via the DC outlet to make calls. There were also a few models that came as briefcases, to hold large batteries necessary to make phone calls.
Second Generation Cellular Phones
Cellular phones from the early 1990's are considered being second generation (2G) and they were able to work on mobile phone systems such as GSM, IS-136 (TDMA) and IS-95 (CDMA). Digital mobile phone networks were in use in the United States in 1990 and in Europe by 1991. 2G mobile phones use digital circuit switched transmissions. This ultimately enabled quicker network signaling, lowering the amount of dropped calls and increasing call quality. As 2G digital networks were online, most of the time, they replaced analog network frequencies, effectively making them obsolete.
Phones based on 2G technology were much smaller than the brick telephones of the mid to late 80's. Most 2G cellular phones were usually in the range of 100 to 200 grams, plus they were hand held devices that were truly portable without the need for a large battery. Advances in battery technology, as well as computer chip technology also helped to make 2G cell phones much smaller than their predecessors. With these innovations, cell phone usage soared.
Third Generation Cellular Phones
Third Generation cellular phones is the technology that is currently available today and it is commonly referred to as 3G. While 3G came only a few years after 2G, mainly due to many innovations in technology and services, standards for 3G are usually different depending on the network.
It is usually stated that 3G is not necessarily a rigid standard, but is a set of requirements that most networks and cell phone providers follow. There are two main requirements; they include 2 Megabits of maximum data rate indoors and 384 kbits for outdoor use. 3G mobile phones usually include innovations to receive much more than phone calls, for instance, SMS text is available and some 3G phones also offer email and Internet access. Currently technologies are continuing to improve and new innovations such as streaming radio and TV, as well as Wifi are currently breaking into the market.
The first official mobile phone was used in Sweden by the Swedish police in 1946. The technology was connected to the telephone network and was distinctive of two way radio technology. The phone was not very practical; it was only able to make 6 phone calls before the car's battery was drained.
The technology of modern cell phones started with the creation of hexagonal cells for mobile phones by D.H. Ring from Bell Labs in 1947, later on another engineer from Bell Labs conceived of cell towers that would transmit and receive signals in three directions instead of normal bi directional antennas. However, although some technologies have been developed, electronics and other technologies would take decades to mature and to be developed. For instance, the electronics that were used in the first cell phones were first developed in the 1960's
By 1967, mobile phone technology was available; however, the user had to stay within one cell area. Cell areas which were serviced by a base station were unable to hand off cellular phone calls from one base station to another. While you could make a phone, call, you weren't able to continue the call after you reached a set range. In 1970, Amos Edward Joel, who also was an engineer at Bell Labs, developed the call handoff system. This technology facilitated continuity of a phone call from one area to another without dropping the phone call.
While the technology had been developed, it wasn't until 1971 that AT&T submitted a request to the FCC for cellular service. It took more than 10 years for an approval and in 1982; the FCC allocated the frequencies of 824-894 MHZ Band to Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). From 1982 to 1990, AMPS was an analog service, Digital AMPS came online as of 1990.
Throughout the decades, there have been many technologies that existed that made mobile phones available. Most of the time, these phones were installed in vehicles due to the large battery requirements. For instance, the MTA (Mobile Telephone System A) developed by Eriksson was available in Sweden in 1950's. Unfortunately, it weighed over 80 pounds, later versions however weighed around the 20 pound range, still making it ineffective for truly portable devices that are used today.
First Generation Cell Phones
In 1983, Motorola unveiled to the world, the first truly portable cellular phone. It was called the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. It was approved for use in the United States by the FCC. Motorola developed the technology for cellular phones for decades and this particular phone took 15 years to come to market at an expense of over 100 million dollars in research costs. The DynaTAC800X was extremely lightweight for its time and only weighed about 28 ounces. It was 13 inches x 1.75 inches x 3.5 inches and was known as the Brick for its shape. It was largely developed with the help of Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola.
From 1983 to the end of the 1980's cell phones grew in popularity due to the innovations in cellular networks that were able to handle phone calls in either one area or hand them off to other areas. While most cell phones weren't made to be carried in your hand, all phones were made for permanent installation in the car. For a while the term "car phone" was extremely popular. Besides car phones, there were a few models that came in tote bag type configurations that can easily hook up to a car's battery, via the DC outlet to make calls. There were also a few models that came as briefcases, to hold large batteries necessary to make phone calls.
Second Generation Cellular Phones
Cellular phones from the early 1990's are considered being second generation (2G) and they were able to work on mobile phone systems such as GSM, IS-136 (TDMA) and IS-95 (CDMA). Digital mobile phone networks were in use in the United States in 1990 and in Europe by 1991. 2G mobile phones use digital circuit switched transmissions. This ultimately enabled quicker network signaling, lowering the amount of dropped calls and increasing call quality. As 2G digital networks were online, most of the time, they replaced analog network frequencies, effectively making them obsolete.
Phones based on 2G technology were much smaller than the brick telephones of the mid to late 80's. Most 2G cellular phones were usually in the range of 100 to 200 grams, plus they were hand held devices that were truly portable without the need for a large battery. Advances in battery technology, as well as computer chip technology also helped to make 2G cell phones much smaller than their predecessors. With these innovations, cell phone usage soared.
Third Generation Cellular Phones
Third Generation cellular phones is the technology that is currently available today and it is commonly referred to as 3G. While 3G came only a few years after 2G, mainly due to many innovations in technology and services, standards for 3G are usually different depending on the network.
It is usually stated that 3G is not necessarily a rigid standard, but is a set of requirements that most networks and cell phone providers follow. There are two main requirements; they include 2 Megabits of maximum data rate indoors and 384 kbits for outdoor use. 3G mobile phones usually include innovations to receive much more than phone calls, for instance, SMS text is available and some 3G phones also offer email and Internet access. Currently technologies are continuing to improve and new innovations such as streaming radio and TV, as well as Wifi are currently breaking into the market.
All The Nokia Cell Phones
Nokia is the largest cell phone manufacturer in the world and it's largely due to the fact that Nokia Cell Phones are usually very flexible and feature-rich. Especially, Nokia Cell Phones usually have very good speakerphones (not in all phones) and most models allow for easy do-it-yourself customization of ringtones and graphics. Nokia even provides a free software called Nokia PC Suite for most Nokia Cell Phones. Make sure you compare Nokia Cell Phones with other brands as they don't fit the needs of everybody. For example, you won't find Nokia Cell Phones with a clamshell design, most have a candybar form factor.
Choosing the right handset among Nokia Cell Phones can be complicated. The best way to go is to take my Cell phone chooser test. It asks you 20 important questions and looks at all Nokia Cell Phones and the phones of other manufacturers currently on the U.S. and Canadian markets and returns your five best cell phones.
. However, if you know which Nokia phone you are looking for, then check out the full list below for links to Nokia Cell Phones specifications, technical reviews, user reviews, pictures and more.
Links and resources for Nokia Cell Phones
Reviews of Nokia cell phones
Phone Number: 1-888-NOKIA-2U (1-888-665-4228)
E-mail: mailto:customercare@nokiausa.com
Nokia Cell Phones Homepage: http://www.nokiausa.com/
Looking for your Owner's Manual: Click Here
* This is a direct link to most Nokia phones' owner's manuals. You can also followthis linkto european phones' manuals.
Here are the technical specifications of the latest Nokia phones added to my database:
Newest Nokia Phones are shown first. For an alphabetical list of Nokia Cell Phones, please see the A to Z lists. Nokia E90 Communicator - A GSM,CDMA,WCDMA phone that weighs 7.40 ounces.
Nokia 6288 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 5700 - A GSM,WCDMA phone that weighs 4.05 ounces. Notable difference with previous Nokia Cell Phones: Flash Lite 2.0
Nokia 5070 - A GSM phone that weighs 3.10 ounces.
Nokia 6165 - CDMA
Nokia 2366i - A CDMA phone that weighs 3.7 ounces.
Nokia n76 - A EGSM,WCDMA phone that weighs 4.05 ounces.
Nokia n800 - A 802.11b/g phone that weighs 7.26 ounces.
Nokia 6086 - GSM
Nokia 2355 - CDMA
Wondering which of Nokia Cell Phones would suit you well? Why don't you take my Cellular Shopping Test, it unveils your 5 ideal cell phones.
Below are some older Nokia Cell Phones:
Nokia E60 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 6300 - GSM
Nokia 2626 - GSM
Nokia 6290 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 2365i - CDMA
Nokia 6275i - CDMA
Nokia E62 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 7390 - EGSM,GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 7373 - GSM
Nokia 5200 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 5300 - GSM,GPRS,TDMA,CDMA
Nokia 5500 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 1110 - GSM
Nokia 1112 - GSM
Nokia 2855 - GSM,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia n75 - GSM,GPRS,WCDMA
Nokia N95 - EDGE/GSM/WCDMA
Nokia 6315i - CDMA
Nokia 6265i - CDMA
Nokia 6133 - GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Nokia 6215i - CDMA
Nokia 6126 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 6165i - CDMA
Nokia 6155i - CDMA
Nokia 6070 - GSM
Nokia 6234 - GSM
Nokia 6282 - GSM
Nokia 9300i - GSM
Nokia 2652 - GSM
Nokia 5140i - GSM
Nokia 6021 - GSM
Nokia n71 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 6708 - GSM,GPRS,CDMA
Nokia n72 - EGSM,GPRS
Nokia 6131 - GSM,EDGE
Nokia n73 - WCDMA,GSM
Nokia 6102i - GSM,GPRS,EDGE
Nokia N93 - GSM,GPRS,WCDMA
Nokia 3250 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 6305i - CDMA
Nokia 2865 - CDMA
Nokia 6103i - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 6103 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 2126i - CDMA
Nokia 6256i - CDMA
Nokia 6230i - GSM,EGSM
Nokia N70 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 6630 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia N91 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia E70 - GSM
Nokia E61 - GSM
Nokia 6682 - GSM
Nokia 6103 - GSM
Nokia 6708 - GSM
Nokia 6125 - GSM
Nokia E50 - GSM
Nokia 6233 - GSM
Nokia 2610 - GSM
Nokia 6151 - GSM
Nokia 6080 - GSM
Nokia 5500 - GSM
Nokia 2310 - GSM
Nokia 6136 - GSM
Nokia 8800 - GSM
Nokia 6111 - EGSM,GSM
Nokia 6680 - GSM,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia N80 - GSM,GPRS,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia 6260 - GSM
Nokia N91 - EGSM,GPRS,EDGE,WCDMA
Nokia 6270 - GSM
Nokia 6101 - GSM
Nokia 3230 - EGSM,GSM
Nokia 7710 - GSM
Nokia N92 - GSM,EDGE,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia 9300 - GSM,EGSM
Nokia 6280 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 7260 - GSM
Nokia 6100 - GSM,EGSM
Nokia 2128i - CDMA
Nokia 3155i - CDMA
Nokia 6101 - GSM
Nokia 6236i - CDMA
Nokia 770 - WiFi
Nokia 2128i - CDMA
Nokia 3155i - CDMA
Nokia 6236i - CDMA
Nokia N90 - GSM
Nokia 6265 - CDMA
Nokia 6061 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 1221 - TDMA
This page on Nokia Cell Phones mostly sticks to North-American cell phones. The full line of Nokia Cell Phones is much larger than the handsets seen here. Also, this list only contains the latest Nokia Cell Phones. If the Nokia phone you are looking for is old, we may have information about it even if it's not listed here. Please use the search box at the top of this page. The same logic applies if you are looking for Nokia phones that are very recent. I probably already have a page about it but it may not be listed yet on this page so please use the search box.
Choosing the right handset among Nokia Cell Phones can be complicated. The best way to go is to take my Cell phone chooser test. It asks you 20 important questions and looks at all Nokia Cell Phones and the phones of other manufacturers currently on the U.S. and Canadian markets and returns your five best cell phones.
. However, if you know which Nokia phone you are looking for, then check out the full list below for links to Nokia Cell Phones specifications, technical reviews, user reviews, pictures and more.
Links and resources for Nokia Cell Phones
Reviews of Nokia cell phones
Phone Number: 1-888-NOKIA-2U (1-888-665-4228)
E-mail: mailto:customercare@nokiausa.com
Nokia Cell Phones Homepage: http://www.nokiausa.com/
Looking for your Owner's Manual: Click Here
* This is a direct link to most Nokia phones' owner's manuals. You can also followthis linkto european phones' manuals.
Here are the technical specifications of the latest Nokia phones added to my database:
Newest Nokia Phones are shown first. For an alphabetical list of Nokia Cell Phones, please see the A to Z lists. Nokia E90 Communicator - A GSM,CDMA,WCDMA phone that weighs 7.40 ounces.
Nokia 6288 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 5700 - A GSM,WCDMA phone that weighs 4.05 ounces. Notable difference with previous Nokia Cell Phones: Flash Lite 2.0
Nokia 5070 - A GSM phone that weighs 3.10 ounces.
Nokia 6165 - CDMA
Nokia 2366i - A CDMA phone that weighs 3.7 ounces.
Nokia n76 - A EGSM,WCDMA phone that weighs 4.05 ounces.
Nokia n800 - A 802.11b/g phone that weighs 7.26 ounces.
Nokia 6086 - GSM
Nokia 2355 - CDMA
Wondering which of Nokia Cell Phones would suit you well? Why don't you take my Cellular Shopping Test, it unveils your 5 ideal cell phones.
Below are some older Nokia Cell Phones:
Nokia E60 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 6300 - GSM
Nokia 2626 - GSM
Nokia 6290 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 2365i - CDMA
Nokia 6275i - CDMA
Nokia E62 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 7390 - EGSM,GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 7373 - GSM
Nokia 5200 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 5300 - GSM,GPRS,TDMA,CDMA
Nokia 5500 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 1110 - GSM
Nokia 1112 - GSM
Nokia 2855 - GSM,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia n75 - GSM,GPRS,WCDMA
Nokia N95 - EDGE/GSM/WCDMA
Nokia 6315i - CDMA
Nokia 6265i - CDMA
Nokia 6133 - GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Nokia 6215i - CDMA
Nokia 6126 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 6165i - CDMA
Nokia 6155i - CDMA
Nokia 6070 - GSM
Nokia 6234 - GSM
Nokia 6282 - GSM
Nokia 9300i - GSM
Nokia 2652 - GSM
Nokia 5140i - GSM
Nokia 6021 - GSM
Nokia n71 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 6708 - GSM,GPRS,CDMA
Nokia n72 - EGSM,GPRS
Nokia 6131 - GSM,EDGE
Nokia n73 - WCDMA,GSM
Nokia 6102i - GSM,GPRS,EDGE
Nokia N93 - GSM,GPRS,WCDMA
Nokia 3250 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 6305i - CDMA
Nokia 2865 - CDMA
Nokia 6103i - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 6103 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 2126i - CDMA
Nokia 6256i - CDMA
Nokia 6230i - GSM,EGSM
Nokia N70 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 6630 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia N91 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia E70 - GSM
Nokia E61 - GSM
Nokia 6682 - GSM
Nokia 6103 - GSM
Nokia 6708 - GSM
Nokia 6125 - GSM
Nokia E50 - GSM
Nokia 6233 - GSM
Nokia 2610 - GSM
Nokia 6151 - GSM
Nokia 6080 - GSM
Nokia 5500 - GSM
Nokia 2310 - GSM
Nokia 6136 - GSM
Nokia 8800 - GSM
Nokia 6111 - EGSM,GSM
Nokia 6680 - GSM,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia N80 - GSM,GPRS,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia 6260 - GSM
Nokia N91 - EGSM,GPRS,EDGE,WCDMA
Nokia 6270 - GSM
Nokia 6101 - GSM
Nokia 3230 - EGSM,GSM
Nokia 7710 - GSM
Nokia N92 - GSM,EDGE,CDMA,WCDMA
Nokia 9300 - GSM,EGSM
Nokia 6280 - GSM,WCDMA
Nokia 7260 - GSM
Nokia 6100 - GSM,EGSM
Nokia 2128i - CDMA
Nokia 3155i - CDMA
Nokia 6101 - GSM
Nokia 6236i - CDMA
Nokia 770 - WiFi
Nokia 2128i - CDMA
Nokia 3155i - CDMA
Nokia 6236i - CDMA
Nokia N90 - GSM
Nokia 6265 - CDMA
Nokia 6061 - GSM,GPRS
Nokia 1221 - TDMA
This page on Nokia Cell Phones mostly sticks to North-American cell phones. The full line of Nokia Cell Phones is much larger than the handsets seen here. Also, this list only contains the latest Nokia Cell Phones. If the Nokia phone you are looking for is old, we may have information about it even if it's not listed here. Please use the search box at the top of this page. The same logic applies if you are looking for Nokia phones that are very recent. I probably already have a page about it but it may not be listed yet on this page so please use the search box.
II Mechanics of Cellular Radio Telephones
Both cellular radio and PCS use high-frequency radio waves to transmit calls. High-frequency waves have short wavelengths that pass by a given point at a very high rate. High-frequency waves can provide better sound quality and more reliable short-distance transmission than lower-frequency waves (such as AM radio) as they are less susceptible to sound degradation caused by the noise generated by weather, such as lightning which causes static, and other noise generators such as motors. However, high-frequency signals cannot effectively travel as far as low-frequency signals can.
Cellular Radio Telephone
Cellular Radio Telephone, also called cellular telephone or cell phone, low-powered, lightweight radio transceiver (combination transmitter-receiver) that provides voice telephone and other services to mobile users. Cellular telephones primarily operate like portable or cordless telephones. However, unlike conventional wire-based cordless phones, cellular telephones are completely portable and do not require proximity to a jack to access the wire-based networks operated by local telephone companies. A new generation of services for cell phones includes videoconferencing and Internet access with the ability to send e-mail. Enhanced cell phones known as smartphones can have many additional features and capabilities that make them similar to handheld personal computers and personal media devices. Cellular telephones have become very popular with professionals and consumers as a way to communicate while away from their regular, wire-based phones—for example, while commuting, at work, shopping, or traveling, as well as when in remote locations lacking regular phone service. As cellular radio service proliferates and achieves greater market penetration, some users have begun to use cell phones as an alternative to conventional wire-based services. Worldwide, cell phone use has expanded greatly since the beginning of the 21st century, growing to more than 4 billion registered subscribers in 2008.
Cellular telephones work by transmitting radio signals to cellular towers. These towers vary in their capability to receive cellular telephone signals. Some towers can receive signals from distances of only 1.5 to 2.4 km (1.0 to 1.5 mi), while others can receive signals from distances as far as 48 to 56 km (30 to 35 mi). The area a tower can cover is referred to as a cell. However, more than one tower may exist in a given cell area. The cells overlap so that the system can handle increased telephone traffic volume. The towers within these cells are networked to a central switching station, usually by wire, fiber-optic cable, or microwave. The central switching station handling cellular calls in a given area is directly connected to the wire-based telephone system. Cellular calls are picked up by the towers and relayed to another cell telephone user or to a user of the conventional wire-based telephone network. Since the cells overlap, as a mobile caller moves from one cell into another, the towers “hand off” the call so communication is uninterrupted.
Cellular phone networks exist in nearly every metropolitan area throughout the world, and cellular coverage is expanding in rural areas. Due to the convenience and mobility of cellular telephones, users typically pay a higher fee than they would for normal telephone use. A newer generation of cellular radio technology, called Personal Communications Services (PCS), operates much like earlier cellular services, but at higher frequencies, the number of times a radio wave oscillates or completes a cycle, which is measured in a unit known as a hertz (Hz). (The higher frequencies of PCS operate at around 1900 megahertz [MHz] in the United States.) PCS also utilizes completely digital transmissions, rather than both the analog and digital transmissions that many cellular telephones use. Digital transmissions convert sound into digital form, which can be transmitted more efficiently than analog signals. Digital technologies can also generate more channel capacity over the same amount of the radio spectrum. Telephone companies have also developed so-called 3G (for “third generation”) cellular networks that provide wide-area Internet access at broadband-like speeds.
Cellular telephones work by transmitting radio signals to cellular towers. These towers vary in their capability to receive cellular telephone signals. Some towers can receive signals from distances of only 1.5 to 2.4 km (1.0 to 1.5 mi), while others can receive signals from distances as far as 48 to 56 km (30 to 35 mi). The area a tower can cover is referred to as a cell. However, more than one tower may exist in a given cell area. The cells overlap so that the system can handle increased telephone traffic volume. The towers within these cells are networked to a central switching station, usually by wire, fiber-optic cable, or microwave. The central switching station handling cellular calls in a given area is directly connected to the wire-based telephone system. Cellular calls are picked up by the towers and relayed to another cell telephone user or to a user of the conventional wire-based telephone network. Since the cells overlap, as a mobile caller moves from one cell into another, the towers “hand off” the call so communication is uninterrupted.
Cellular phone networks exist in nearly every metropolitan area throughout the world, and cellular coverage is expanding in rural areas. Due to the convenience and mobility of cellular telephones, users typically pay a higher fee than they would for normal telephone use. A newer generation of cellular radio technology, called Personal Communications Services (PCS), operates much like earlier cellular services, but at higher frequencies, the number of times a radio wave oscillates or completes a cycle, which is measured in a unit known as a hertz (Hz). (The higher frequencies of PCS operate at around 1900 megahertz [MHz] in the United States.) PCS also utilizes completely digital transmissions, rather than both the analog and digital transmissions that many cellular telephones use. Digital transmissions convert sound into digital form, which can be transmitted more efficiently than analog signals. Digital technologies can also generate more channel capacity over the same amount of the radio spectrum. Telephone companies have also developed so-called 3G (for “third generation”) cellular networks that provide wide-area Internet access at broadband-like speeds.
cell phon
CellCell phonephonephone etiquette involves following some simple guidelines of common courtesy when using a cellcellcell phonephonephone in public, designed to make public places more enjoyable for all.
Chances are, you've been annoyed at one point or another by someone not practicing proper cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette. The man or woman talking loudly into a mobile phonephonephone offends those forced to listen to business that's none of their own. Private conversations, arguments, details about how a meeting went, or intimate knowledge of what's in a stranger's refrigerator at home are all things unwilling eavesdroppers can do without.
Aside from overbearing conversations, obnoxious ringtones provide regular disruptions. The ambiance of restaurants and cafes must now compete with ringing phones and one-sided conversations. Distraction is another problem. Drivers talking on phones make last minute decisions or miss what's going on entirely, causing unnecessary delays for the motorists stuck behind them, or worse, traffic accidents. (In 2001 such accidents caused New York to be the first state to ban cellcellcell phonephonephone use while driving.)
Some people have gotten so fed up with rude mobile phonephonephone users they have turned to illegal cell phone jammers. These devices knock cellcellcell phonephonephone users off their lines and prevent a reconnection with the cellcellcell tower until the user wanders out of range. The rate at which jammers are selling speaks to the lack of manners among yappers.
At least one report indicates that while most people are annoyed by cellcellcell phonephonephone rudeness, most admit to engaging in it themselves. If you're wondering what you can do to contribute to a more polite society, cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette can be boiled down to 8 simple rules:
1. When a Private Conversation Isn't Possible. Intimate public settings such as restaurants, public restrooms, waiting rooms, hallways, buses, subways or anywhere a private conversation is not possible is a bad place for a cellcellcell phonephonephone conversation. To practice good cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette, put the ringer on vibrate or silent mode and let the call roll over to voice mail. If it's an important call, step outside or to a secluded area to return the call. If that's not possible and you must take the call, keep your voice low and the conversation brief. Let the caller know you'll get back to them when you're able.
2. Lights Out, PhonePhonePhone Off. Phones should be turned off in movie theaters, playhouses, observatories or any other public place that creates an atmosphere to transport the imagination of the audience. People pay good money to be entertained and a ringer breaks the illusion.
3. Modulate Your Voice. CellCellCell phones have sensitive microphones that can pick up a very soft voice while blocking out ambient noise. Yelling into a cellcellcell phonephonephone is not necessary. When people are nearby, be considerate and keep your voice low, your tone unemotional and even, and your conversation private. Arguing or airing dirty laundry in public is very poor cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette.
4. Observe the 10-foot Proximity Rule. Maintain a distance of at least 10-feet (3 meters) from the nearest person when talking on a cellcellcell phonephonephone. No matter how quietly you speak, if standing too close to others they are forced to overhear your personal business.
5. Keep It Short. Keep public conversations brief and get back to the caller when you're not in a public place.
6. Love the One You're With. It's rude to take a cellcellcell phonephonephone call on a date or during a social engagement with others. It's also inconsiderate to take a call in the middle of a conversation. If the caller were present he or she would likely wait to politely interrupt at a more appropriate time. Let the call roll to voice mail and return it later.
7. Drive Now, Talk Later. Multitasking isn't always a good thing. Some evidence shows that accidents are on the rise due to cellcellcell phonephonephone use. Most calls can wait until you've reached your destination, and if a call is upsetting or distracting pull over to have the conversation.
8. Use Common Sense. Turn off your phonephonephone before a job interview, presentation, or boardroom meeting. Leave it off at funerals, weddings, or anyplace a quiet atmosphere is mandated, such as a courthouse, library, museum, or place of worship.
CellCellCell phonephonephone etiquette is just a matter of being considerate of others, which pays off for everyone.
Chances are, you've been annoyed at one point or another by someone not practicing proper cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette. The man or woman talking loudly into a mobile phonephonephone offends those forced to listen to business that's none of their own. Private conversations, arguments, details about how a meeting went, or intimate knowledge of what's in a stranger's refrigerator at home are all things unwilling eavesdroppers can do without.
Aside from overbearing conversations, obnoxious ringtones provide regular disruptions. The ambiance of restaurants and cafes must now compete with ringing phones and one-sided conversations. Distraction is another problem. Drivers talking on phones make last minute decisions or miss what's going on entirely, causing unnecessary delays for the motorists stuck behind them, or worse, traffic accidents. (In 2001 such accidents caused New York to be the first state to ban cellcellcell phonephonephone use while driving.)
Some people have gotten so fed up with rude mobile phonephonephone users they have turned to illegal cell phone jammers. These devices knock cellcellcell phonephonephone users off their lines and prevent a reconnection with the cellcellcell tower until the user wanders out of range. The rate at which jammers are selling speaks to the lack of manners among yappers.
At least one report indicates that while most people are annoyed by cellcellcell phonephonephone rudeness, most admit to engaging in it themselves. If you're wondering what you can do to contribute to a more polite society, cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette can be boiled down to 8 simple rules:
1. When a Private Conversation Isn't Possible. Intimate public settings such as restaurants, public restrooms, waiting rooms, hallways, buses, subways or anywhere a private conversation is not possible is a bad place for a cellcellcell phonephonephone conversation. To practice good cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette, put the ringer on vibrate or silent mode and let the call roll over to voice mail. If it's an important call, step outside or to a secluded area to return the call. If that's not possible and you must take the call, keep your voice low and the conversation brief. Let the caller know you'll get back to them when you're able.
2. Lights Out, PhonePhonePhone Off. Phones should be turned off in movie theaters, playhouses, observatories or any other public place that creates an atmosphere to transport the imagination of the audience. People pay good money to be entertained and a ringer breaks the illusion.
3. Modulate Your Voice. CellCellCell phones have sensitive microphones that can pick up a very soft voice while blocking out ambient noise. Yelling into a cellcellcell phonephonephone is not necessary. When people are nearby, be considerate and keep your voice low, your tone unemotional and even, and your conversation private. Arguing or airing dirty laundry in public is very poor cellcellcell phonephonephone etiquette.
4. Observe the 10-foot Proximity Rule. Maintain a distance of at least 10-feet (3 meters) from the nearest person when talking on a cellcellcell phonephonephone. No matter how quietly you speak, if standing too close to others they are forced to overhear your personal business.
5. Keep It Short. Keep public conversations brief and get back to the caller when you're not in a public place.
6. Love the One You're With. It's rude to take a cellcellcell phonephonephone call on a date or during a social engagement with others. It's also inconsiderate to take a call in the middle of a conversation. If the caller were present he or she would likely wait to politely interrupt at a more appropriate time. Let the call roll to voice mail and return it later.
7. Drive Now, Talk Later. Multitasking isn't always a good thing. Some evidence shows that accidents are on the rise due to cellcellcell phonephonephone use. Most calls can wait until you've reached your destination, and if a call is upsetting or distracting pull over to have the conversation.
8. Use Common Sense. Turn off your phonephonephone before a job interview, presentation, or boardroom meeting. Leave it off at funerals, weddings, or anyplace a quiet atmosphere is mandated, such as a courthouse, library, museum, or place of worship.
CellCellCell phonephonephone etiquette is just a matter of being considerate of others, which pays off for everyone.
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